We are still with the intelligence operations that changed the face of the world.. and after the defeat of the Ottoman Sultan at the hands of Cairo.. and over a full six years.. the Ottoman state set out to take revenge for its defeat at the hands of the Egyptian army, when it routed its forces, and the road opened before it, and it encamped on the borders of the Ottoman capital.. so it began to form a huge, frightening army, with terrifying military capabilities, and to hold intensive European training manoeuvres.. an army the like of which the Ottoman state had never possessed, to the point that some historians said of it: "The Ottoman Sultanate never, since Europe first raised its head in the East, enjoyed an army stronger, nor better, nor better trained, nor better equipped than that army". And the terrifying Ottoman army marches across Anatolia like the soldiers of the Tatars, under the command of the Serasker "Hafiz Pasha".. and he had specific, strict instructions from the Ottoman Sultan.. namely to recover the Levant, storm Cairo and take control of Egypt, whatever the cost. And the equipping and training of the Ottoman army was from the beginning under the eyes of "Muhammad Ali".. thanks to his powerful intelligence and his reconnaissance forces, which inform "Ibrahim Pasha" in Aleppo of the march of the terrifying Ottoman army across Anatolia like the soldiers of the Tatars, under the command of the Serasker "Hafiz Pasha".. and he had specific, strict instructions from the Ottoman Sultan.. namely to recover the Levant, storm Cairo and take control of Egypt, whatever the cost. And "Ibrahim Pasha" asks "Muhammad Ali" for permission to cross the border and stop the Ottoman army, but "Muhammad Ali" asks him to wait, so that Cairo does not appear, in any shape or form, before the world, in the guise of the aggressor. And in "Gaziantep" on the Syrian border, the Ottoman army encamps, and lines up its artillery and digs anti-cavalry trenches.. and in the last ten days of June of the same year, the Ottoman Sultan declares war on the Egyptian state, and only then does "Muhammad Ali" issue his order to his son "Ibrahim" Pasha, to attack the Ottoman forces. And the two hosts mass, and the Serasker "Hafiz Pasha" stands face to face, at the head of a quarter of a million soldiers, among them forty thousand Ottomans, and the rest from the far corners of Europe.. against 40 thousand Egyptian soldiers, under the command of a man among the most brilliant military commanders the world has known throughout its history. And on the morning of 24 June, of the year 1839, the decisive battle begins, and the two armies engage in a huge, terrifying battle, and blood flows on the sand, in a small patch of land in the city of "Nizip". And for the second time in a few years, Cairo crushes the Ottoman army, in a terrifying defeat, and a real catastrophe, the like of which was not known, throughout the history of the Ottoman state and its successive, numerous wars, as the Egyptian army almost annihilated the Ottoman army root and branch, down to the last soldier.. and for the second time as well, in less than six years, the road became open before the Egyptian army to the heart of the state of the House of Osman and the capital of the Sultanate.. to Constantinople. And this great victory owed a large part of its success to the men of Egyptian intelligence and the men of reconnaissance. And from the era of "Muhammad Ali".. we leap a wide leap across time and place, to the midst of the First World War, which began on 28 July of the year 1914. The Central Powers, the Ottoman state, Germany, Austria and Bulgaria, against the Allies.. England, France, Russia, America and Japan, and others. In this period the commander of the Ottoman Fourth Army, "Jamal Pasha", meets a young woman from Haifa, named "Sarah Aaronsohn".. I don't know what he liked about her, and she is not more beautiful than the writer of this post.. but she captured his heart and bewitched him, and he began to throw himself at the end of every night upon her breast, to unburden what was churning in his chest, and to tell her the most precise secrets of the state. And defeats began to follow one after another for the Ottoman forces, which had not been prepared in the first place to enter this war.. and "Jamal" told his lover "Sarah" about the Ottoman state's agreement with the Germans to violate the two Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and that they were using "chlorine gas".. and that Germany had indeed sent several shipments of this gas to the Ottoman state.. and he informed her of the arrival date of the new shipments and how they would arrive on camouflaged ships flying the Italian flag. And for the first time.. the gas shipments fell into the hands of the Allies. And "Jamal's" tongue runs on about a top-secret plan, known only to the commanders of the Ottoman army, to attack the Russian front.. and in the region of the Carpathian mountains, the Ottomans do attack.. and the Russians win an overwhelming victory over the Ottomans, with which the commander of the Ottoman Second Army reported.. that the Russians appeared as if they knew the Ottoman movements in advance and were a step ahead of them. And shipments of German and Austrian weapons coming to the Ottoman state began to fall into the hands of the Allies.. and the Ottoman ambushes for the Allies began to be exposed, and any Ottoman attempt at a surprise attack failed.. without the Ottoman state knowing the source of the frightening leak of information.. which was destroying its men and causing it defeat after defeat on all fronts. In the naval and land battles.. and in Gaza, and Russia and Azerbaijan. And at the end of September, of the year 1917, one of the starving Ottoman soldiers in Gaza fires at a flock of birds, and brings down a pigeon.. he hurries eagerly to pick it up, clean it and roast it.. but he is surprised that a small message is tied to its legs, and he rushes with it to the head of the Ottoman intelligence unit.. who finds himself before a strange, incomprehensible coded message.. so he busies himself with deciphering it with his men. And the head of the Ottoman intelligence unit succeeds in breaking the code, and discovers, astonished, that the message contains extremely precise information about the movements of the Ottoman forces near the coast in Syria in preparation for shelling the English fleet with artillery.. and with the precision of the information, which is not available except to commanders.. suspicions swirled around "Sarah", the lover of the commander of the Ottoman Fourth Army, "Jamal Pasha".. and the Ottomans watched her.. and arrested her on 5 October of the same year, as she was heading with a new message to a bird shop owned by a Jewish man in Haifa.. they arrested him too.. and under torture, confessions poured out from the two of them. For "Sarah" in truth was nothing but an English spy, belonging to a Jewish-English spy network called "Nili", whose letters are an acronym for the phrase "the eternity of Israel is not a lie".. aiming to establish a national home for the Jews in Palestine.. and to help England by every means to achieve that goal.. and she used to send all the secrets that "Jamal" told her by carrier pigeon, to the commander of the English fleet in the Suez Canal, who would take charge of sending them on to his commanders. And "Sarah's" operation was a successful intelligence operation.. despite her suicide upon her arrest.. but it had a profound effect on the defeat of the Ottoman state and the Central Powers as a whole, in the First World War. And from the history of the First World War, to the Second, intelligence operations between states did not stop for a single moment. And in the First World War, intelligence operations were active, and the warring parties used in them everything they could lay their hands on.. in order to achieve victory.. to the point that they sometimes enlisted the dead. And these stories, we will talk about them, God willing, later. And there remains more of the conversation. -------- Previous posts in the first comment. #Intelligence_Operations_That_Changed_World_History8