We are still with relativity, which we have been chatting about together for a while.. whoever wants to go back to the previous episodes will find them in the first reference of this post..
Let us go back together to the morning of the tenth and eleventh of May 1945, when an American government committee called the "Target Committee", led by the madman "J. Robert Oppenheimer", nominated the targets: Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama, and Kokura as possible targets; for the first atomic bomb in history..
The conditions set for the target were as follows:
1 - That the diameter of the target be more than 3 miles..
2 - That it be vital, in a densely populated area..
3 - That Japan would not be expecting an attack on it in this period...
Japan had in fact almost surrendered and was negotiating the terms of surrender.. but the United States wanted it to surrender without condition, as came in the "Potsdam Declaration".. except that the bomb had already been made.. and in it the United States had beaten the Germans and the Soviets.. and this had to be announced with a terrifying practical test.. announcing to everyone who was the winner in the race and the master of the world who can annihilate hundreds of thousands at the press of a button..
Also the weapon had to be tested...
And Japan rejected the Potsdam Declaration, and announced that this is not a way to negotiate.. because the Potsdam Declaration is itself the "Cairo Declaration"...
And the targets were set and they were bombed on 6 and 7 August of the same year.. so that the United States could announce a new era...
The era of nuclear supremacy...
Einstein grieved deeply because of this outcome and announced that if time could go back.. he would wish to be a plumber instead of being a physicist.. because in reality he had been fond of plumbing all his life.. and this statement made the "Plumbers and Steamfitters Union" feel boundless pride and grant him honorary membership in it in 1945...
So what is the connection between this nuclear subject and relativity?
"Mass" is "weight" in the language of ordinary speech.. and we were once taught in physics that mass is constant.. it does not change with the motion of the body.. they even defined it for us as "the property of resisting motion"...
But Einstein overturned this scale.. and announced that mass is like time and place.. and that it is relative and changes with the change of speed...
And that we do not realise this because we move at somewhat slow speeds.. but if we came a little close to the speed of light.. we would notice the difference clearly..
And Einstein presented an equation that proves this.. and went on: "As long as the moving body acquires mass with motion, and as long as motion is a form of energy.. then when a body acquires energy.. it acquires mass"...
Meaning mass can turn into energy.. and energy can turn into mass..
And Einstein presented to the world his terrifying equation on the basis of which the atomic bomb was made "Energy = mass times the square of speed/ E=mc2" ...
And in this way Einstein handed the keys of hell to the mad scientists.. who set off to the laboratory.. and fired radioactive projectiles of infinitely small particles of radium and radioactive uranium.. and the speed of these projectiles comes very close to the speed of light.. and they found Einstein's equation to be correct...
And more than that, they noticed that the energy generated from detonating one gram could burn a town, or supply it with energy for a whole year...
This equation explained why the stars "which are the suns" do not burn and disappear and vanish quickly.. and that their lifespans reach millions of millions of years..
That is because this kind of burning is different from ordinary burning.. unlike the burning of a paper, for example, that you set alight with a matchstick...
For the paper and the matchstick, for example, ignite in a chemical way, and the energy produced here.. which is heat.. results from the sulphur combining with oxygen with organic substances...
As for the burning of the sun and the stars like it, it is a burning of annihilation...
The atom is smashed and released as rays throughout the universe.. and this kind of nuclear burning is extremely slow.. because a very small amount of matter gives us enormous energy..
And the old barrier between matter and energy collapsed forever...
Matter is energy.. and energy is matter...
There is no difference between sound and light and heat and electricity.. and the commode next to you, silent and inert, seeming to produce no movement from it.. matter is all these phenomena.. and it is energy compressed and imprisoned...
Matter is not matter.. matter is motion.. matter is energy..
Energy.. mass.. motion.. speed.. and the field.. they are all variations on one thing.. something that forever brought down the materialist theory and the idea of the three dimensions and gave us "spacetime"...
Relativity analysed the final components of the universe...
And the imagination of scientists took off ..
What is the shape of the universe that contains all these planets and suns and vast galaxies?
Does it have an end??
I wonder what it looks like? Does it have an end, or is it eternal and everlasting without end? "Newton" told us that the universe has no end.. it has no first and no last..
And Einstein replied to Newton.. and denied his words.. and said that the reason for Newton's error is that he uses traditional geometry.. to conceive the universe and its dimensions.. and it is "Euclidean geometry"...
And Einstein decided that Euclid's geometry is not suitable when we talk about the universe.. and that it collapses from its very foundation...
And among the axioms of Euclid's geometry...
That two parallel lines do not meet.. and that the shortest distance between two points is the straight line.. and that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees..
And Einstein came and drew for us on the globe an imaginary triangle.. whose base is the equator.. and whose apex is at the North Pole.. and the sum of the angles of this triangle was more than 180 degrees...
And the shortest line between London and New York is not a straight line.. it is a circular line going up through northern Iceland...
And if you launched two parallel lines in space.. these two lines would bend towards the first body with enormous gravity.. and the two would meet at its gravitational centre in a single point..
And the reason is that Euclid's geometry is limited to three dimensions.. length, width and height...
A geometry that suits someone building a building.. or designing a ship.. or inventing a device.. but it is not suitable for the universe and its bodies and its heavenly bodies...
As for the shape of the universe.. Einstein calculated for us with the equations.. the approximate amount of total matter in the space of the universe.. and consequently arrived at the shape of the curvature in it.. and told us that the universe in the end curves in the shape of an enormous bubble.. and it is "infinite.. but limited"...
And Einstein imagined that the radius of this universe bubble is 35 billion light years.. but the equations came back and proved that this bubble grows and expands constantly.. and that its diameter is not constant...
And the scientists wondered.. what is there after this bubble??
And Einstein replied that it is something beyond the limits of perception...
Meaning that we cannot ask about what is behind this bubble.. and the space it occupies.. and the external force that controls it.. and Einstein told us that our minds cannot imagine it..
Our perception and our minds and our tools are limited by the limits of this universe because we are part of it.. we can study it and examine it and examine a close example of it or a universe similar to it.. but they are not qualified to go beyond the limits of the "universe" in its understood sense...
And the scientists went back to asking: so can we travel through time? Can we move to vast places in this universe in the blink of an eye if we travel through "spacetime"?
And this discussion has more to come and a conclusion to the subject of relativity, God willing...
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References:
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1 - 1 - Previous posts:
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2 - Feynman, Richard Phillips; Morínigo, Fernando B.; Wagner, William; Pines, David; Hatfield, Brian (2002).
3 - Ives, H. E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1941). "An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock. II". Journal of the Optical Society of America 31 (5): 369.
4 - Robertson, H.P. (July 1949). "Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity". Reviews of Modern Physics 21 (3): 381.
5 - Will, Clifford M (August 1, 2010). "Space-Time Continuum".