We continue what we began yesterday about relativity.. the old post is in the first reference for anyone who wants to go back to it..
We cannot go on talking about relativity without passing by several scientists other than Einstein, among them the mathematical physicist "Max Planck", who formulated a theory called "Quantum theory"...
Today it is called "the old quantum theory".. and quantum theory is unfortunately almost the monopoly of those who study engineering and physics.. and few speak about it outside the field...
Max Planck said in 1900: fine, since we are this uncertain, and prisoners of limited senses and limited laboratory instruments.. is there a solution that lets us reach a middle ground?
The solution is that we turn all the senses into numbers..
How? He told us: simple.. what are these colours? Colours are the reflection of a light wave with a certain wavelength and frequency off an object.. meaning a tree leaf absorbs all the colours and reflects the wave whose "colour is green"..
And this wave, which our mind translates as "green", has a frequency and a wavelength..
Meaning it is merely a number...
And instead of saying this is "yellow and green", we say its wave is such and such "kilohertz" (at the time it was called kilocycle)...
And Max Planck started from a simple observation.. that if you heat a piece of iron, its colour begins to turn red.. then orange, then glowing white...
Meaning there is a certain relationship between the energy coming out of the iron.. and the wavelength of the light emitted from it...
He kept searching for this equation and in the end he found it.. and he discovered that the energy emitted from the iron divided by the frequency.. equals a fixed quantum.. he called it "Planck's constant"...
And this equation assumes that the energy radiated from the iron comes out in the form of pulses.. or packets.. which he called "photons" ...
Then Einstein came and took the Nobel Prize when he decided that if you cast a beam of light on a metal plate.. a number of electrons are released from this plate.. and even if the beam was weak or distant.. these electrons still jump out.. but fewer of them are released...
It is as if you are beating a carpet with a beater.. and the beater here is the beam of light.. and the dust flying off it is the electrons.. a strong blow and many electrons come out.. a weak one.. and fewer come out..
Einstein explained this process by saying that light does not strike the plate in the form of a continuous thread of energy.. no.. but in the form of pulses and packets of energy.. and he wrote a series of equations.. on which the invention of television was later built..
The same idea.. television is a beam of light striking a sensitive plate at certain points, electrons are released.. and the devices translate them into frequencies and the frequencies are translated into colours..
Meaning images..
Here Einstein's equations opened up horizons that were very strange at the time...
Meaning light consists of pulses of energy or photons.. meaning particles.. not waves (and at the time it was believed that light had an absolute wave nature)..
There was an Austrian scientist named "Schrödinger" who proved that electrons have a wave nature.. and he proved experimentally that electrons striking the surface of a metal crystal diffract around it.. like seawater when it meets an island..
Experiments continued and it became clear that particles and atoms too behave in the same "wave" way, and that their wavelengths can be calculated "with the Schrödinger equation"..
And scientists began to think.. we in our reality are cells.. these cells are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.. each of these elements is made of atoms.. made of protons and electrons..
And they said: did Schrödinger not prove that this electron is a wave?
Meaning we are waves and vibrations! Mere pure charges of energy..
Meaning this hand of yours that is pressing the keyboard keys is mere energy?
Meaning you are not a material entity.. you are a charge of energy?
Meaning we are like radio waves? A wave nature? Or a particle nature? And if we are like radio waves, how come we cannot pass through walls like them?
And the edifice of the materialist theory began to crumble..
There is no matter in reality.. there is no thing with a material entity.. it is all just undulating energy??!
How can a human being be waves of energy while a beam of light has material properties??!
And how is it that a human being, if he is a mere wave entity, occupies space and has mass, while the material entity that is light passes through glass??!
Then a German scientist named "Werner Heisenberg" appeared, the one in this picture.. and he presented to them a set of equations.. and said to them: "Look, people.. you can calculate light as waves or calculate it as particles.. and you can calculate electrons as waves or particles.. and each one chooses the assumption he likes and he will find these equations work for both assumptions.. enjoy".
And the scientists were baffled..
How can truth be contradictory? And how can it be a thing and its opposite at the same time and be proven by equations??!
And Heisenberg answered them simply: first.. there is no way for science to perceive the absolute.. absolute truth cannot be perceived...
Science cannot perceive the being of a thing in a precise, definite way.. it can only perceive how this thing behaves in different media.. and its relationship with the rest of things..
So when light behaves in a material, particle way one time and in a wave way another time.. and matter behaves in a wave way one time.. and in a particle way another time.. then this is neither the nature of matter nor the nature of light..
This is the "behaviour" and the "manner" in which light behaves in certain states and media.. and consequently light may for example have a dual nature..
And second.. science cannot study a single fundamental unit that makes up a thing.. and reach an absolute result.. all the judgements of science are approximate and statistical.. and therefore it is very difficult to study a single individual case on its own and understand it or reach a result..
And to prove this impossibility to them, Heisenberg gave them an example that disgusted all of us in physics in the Arab world from the ocean to the Gulf.. because it is not written well in school textbooks...
Heisenberg said to them: let us imagine that we want to see one "electron".. and determine its position and its speed.. first we want a microscope that magnifies 100 million X.. and if we made this microscope.. the electron is smaller than the wavelength of light.. meaning the beam of light will not fall on it for us to see it..
We want rays with a very short wavelength.. and he chose radium rays as an example...
Come on then, let us look at the electron under the microscope.. when you shine the radium rays on it to see it.. the radium rays will strike the electron like a billiard cue.. because the rays are packets of energy.. the electron will gain energy when they strike it.. and it moves..
So when you come to determine its position.. the rays strike it and it shoots off like a billiard ball..
"So whenever you come to determine its position its speed changes, and whenever you come to determine its speed its position changes"... do you remember this sentence from the physics syllabus?
Something like the picture of what resembles a planet with objects around it.. these are electrons in their orbit.. you come to shine the rays on them to determine their speed or position.. so they run far away because of the strike of the rays...
Meaning science collides with the smallest and the largest limits and fails and is incapable of measuring them..
Like when you try to grasp the universe as a whole.. as a huge ball.. and measure it with your instruments.. this cannot work because your instruments originally emerged from the specific measurements in the universe..
So here science stops and the human mind stands incapable..
The matter is exactly like when you make a closed, isolated city full of robots.. and then one time you go to visit them.. so they try to offer you petrol and grease and diesel and oil.. so when you tell them that you do not consume these things in order to live, they say to you: "Impossible.. according to our standards and our sciences in our city "their universe".. there is no life without these things".
That is their world and their universe.. and they collided with its outermost limit.. the source of the laws and measurements they use.. you...
Science is "approximate".. that is why you always hear great scientists telling you: this research "claims" that... "my research "suggests"... "in most cases" ... "mostly".. "approximately".. and they always keep searching.. they do not say: "No, I have a doctorate in space so I have reached the end of science regarding space", for example.. otherwise he would be an ignorant, blind man..
And the mathematical physicist "Jules Poincaré" has an example that we will use again when we discuss relativity.. but it works for us now..
Poincaré says to you: suppose that while we are asleep the entire universe shrank in size a thousand times.. or grew in size a thousand times.. including your body and your bed and your clothes and your house and your car and the microscope and the telescope and the devices and the animals and the plants and the insects.. including the sun and the stars and the planets and the galaxies.. what will you notice?
Poincaré tells you simply: you will notice nothing at all.. because the largest and the smallest limits of the universe have changed.. and you have nothing that can measure them or notice them..
You are subject to their laws.. they are not the ones subject to your laws.. and therefore it is difficult for you to measure them...
And Einstein tried to solve this dilemma...
And in his research Einstein believed that the universe is one harmonious unity.. and the entire universe is subject to one simple law..
And he began to put forward a new theory which he called "a unified field theory".. and he said that the entire universe is subject to one simple law.. and that the human mind can reach this law or equation...
And although the unified field theory, up to this moment of ours, is still under research, there are indications that Einstein conducted a terrifying experiment on its basis.. which still oscillates between reality and fantasy to this day.. in October 1943 ..
And this terrifying experiment became known as "The Philadelphia Experiment".. there are details about it in the last reference in Arabic.. for anyone who wants to go back to it..
And we have another talk about relativity, God willing...
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References:
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1 - https://goo.gl/QZB12B
2 - Ozawa, Masanao (2003), "Universally valid reformulation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle on noise and disturbance in measurement", Physical Review .
3 - L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz (1977). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Vol. 3..
4 - Schrödinger, E. (1926). "An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules"..
5 - Erwin Schrödinger, "The Present situation in Quantum Mechanics," p. 9 of 22. The English version was translated by John D. Trimmer..
6 - Jeroen van Dongen: Einstein's Unification, Cambridge University Press (July 26, 2010)..
7 - Daniela Wuensch (2003), "The fifth dimension, vol. 12, p. 519 - 542...
8 - الزمان الوجودي - عبد الرحمن بدوي...
9 - النسبية الخاصة - د. مصطفى مشرفة...
10 - ABC of relativity - Russel..
11 - تجربة فيلادلفيا: https://goo.gl/KEpJOW